Introduction:
Performance of applications on SQL Server depends on different factors. This can be hardware configuration, hardware capacity, application problems, SQL server configuration and maintenance on SQL Server database. See for instance documents:
This document will describe what kind of database maintenance activities can be done to get better performance of your SQL database. Be aware that this will contribute to a better performing system, but this will not the solution for all performance problems.
Goal:
Better performance of the database with the same hardware and software.
Solution:
To get better performance of your SQL database next maintenance activities can be executed.
- Defragmentation of clustered indexes
- Update statistics of most important tables with full scan
- Defragmentation indexes
Ad 1) Defragmentation of clustered indexes.
How to:
A clustered index indicates the order in which table data should be physically stored. The table data is sorted and stored according to the key column or columns specified for the clustered index. Because the data is physically stored in a specific order, you can create only one clustered index per table. For instance the table GBKMUT of Exact Globe or Exact Synergy Enterprise has a clustered index on the field ID. All records will be physically stored in the order of ID. New records will be added at the end of the table. All data rows are stored in data pages. One data page contains multiple data rows. When GBKMUT records are deleted, for instance MRP records, you will get caps between the ID’s. A part of the data page to which the deleted GBKMUT records belongs is now empty. This is called fragmentation of the clustered index. This will result in more reads to retrieve the same amount of data. With next command you can retrieve the fragmentation percentage of a clustered index:
dbcc showcontig ('<tablename>', 1)
Example for table GBKMUT
dbcc showcontig ('GBKMUT', 1)
When executing dbcc showcontig ('GBKMUT', 1) next results are displayed.
DBCC SHOWCONTIG scanning 'gbkmut' table...
Table: 'gbkmut' (1019866700); index ID: 1, database ID: 5
TABLE level scan performed.
- Pages Scanned................................: 3037060
- Extents Scanned..............................: 385999
- Extent Switches..............................: 535838
- Avg. Pages per Extent........................: 7.9
- Scan Density [Best Count:Actual Count].......: 70.85% [379633:535839]
- Logical Scan Fragmentation ..................: 3.53%
- Extent Scan Fragmentation ...................: 37.17%
- Avg. Bytes Free per Page.....................: 612.5
- Avg. Page Density (full).....................: 92.43%
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact your system administrator.
The most optimal situation is a table with a scan density of 100 %. In this example 30 % of the pages are not used. To optimize the scan density use next command for a unique clustered index:
CREATE UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEX <Clustered index name> ON <tablename> (<fields) with drop_existing
To optimize the scan density use next command for a non unique clustered index:
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX <Clustered index name> ON <tablename> (<fields) with drop_existing
Example for table GBKMUT batch 360 which has a unique clustered index.
CREATE UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEX PK_gbkmut ON gbkmut (ID) with drop_existing
When:
Not scheduled. Check can be executed on a weekly or monthly basis. Rebuild should be done when the specific table is not used by other users. Therefore a repair can’t be scheduled on a regular basis.
Ad 2) Update statistics of most important tables with full scan
How to:
Statistics are the basis for the SQL optimizer to generate the most optimal query plan. By default statistics are updated automatically. These statistics are updated by using a sample of the data. This is correct but sometimes it can happen that the default sample rate is too small. In these cases an update of the statistics should be execute.
Statistics can be updated with next command:
UPDATE STATISTICS <Table name> WITH FULLSCAN
To update table gbkmut with a fullscan use next command:
UPDATE STATISTICS GBKMUT WITH FULLSCAN
Depending on the amount of indexes and the amount of records this can take a while.
When:
Updating statistics of a table can be done while the table is used by other people. However it will have a negative impact on performance because all records in the table are retrieved. Therefore this can be scheduled on a daily or weekly basis when the use of the system is minimal. For instance during the night or during the weekend.
Ad 3) Defragmentation of indexes.
During the use of a table (Update, insert and deletes) fragmentation of data and indexes can occur. This will result in more reads to retrieve the same amount of data.
How to:
With next script all indexes of all tables in the database with a fragmentation > 30 % will be optimized.
/*Perform a 'USE <database name>' to select the database in which to run the script.*/
-- Declare variables
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @tablename VARCHAR (128)
DECLARE @Query NVARCHAR(255)
DECLARE @IxName VARCHAR (255)
DECLARE @IxId Int
DECLARE @ObjId Int
DECLARE @ScanDensity DECIMAL
DECLARE @maxfrag DECIMAL
-- Decide on the mimimum fragmentation to allow
SELECT @maxfrag = 70.0
-- Declare cursor
DECLARE tables CURSOR FOR
SELECT Name FROM sysobjects where xtype='U'
-- Create the table
CREATE TABLE #fraglist (
ObjectName CHAR (255),
ObjectId INT,
IndexName CHAR (255),
IndexId INT,
Lvl INT,
CountPages INT,
CountRows INT,
MinRecSize INT,
MaxRecSize INT,
AvgRecSize INT,
ForRecCount INT,
Extents INT,
ExtentSwitches INT,
AvgFreeBytes INT,
AvgPageDensity INT,
ScanDensity DECIMAL,
BestCount INT,
ActualCount INT,
LogicalFrag DECIMAL,
ExtentFrag DECIMAL)
-- Open the cursor
OPEN tables
-- Loop through all the tables in the database
FETCH NEXT
FROM tables
INTO @tablename
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
-- Do the showcontig of all indexes of the table
INSERT INTO #fraglist
EXEC ('DBCC SHOWCONTIG (''' + @tablename + ''')
WITH FAST, TABLERESULTS, ALL_INDEXES, NO_INFOMSGS')
FETCH NEXT
FROM tables
INTO @tablename
END
-- Close and deallocate the cursor
CLOSE tables
DEALLOCATE tables
-- Declare cursor for list of indexes to be defragged
DECLARE indexes CURSOR FOR
SELECT ObjectName, ObjectId, IndexName, IndexId, ScanDensity
FROM #fraglist
WHERE ScanDensity <= @maxfrag
AND INDEXPROPERTY (ObjectId, IndexName, 'IndexDepth') > 0
-- Open the cursor
OPEN indexes
-- loop through the indexes
FETCH NEXT
FROM indexes
INTO @TableName, @ObjID, @IxName, @IxId, @ScanDensity
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
set @Query = 'DBCC IndexDefrag (0,' + rtrim(@tablename) +','+ rtrim(@IxName) + ') with no_infomsgs --Current ScanDensity = ' + rtrim(@ScanDensity)
print @Query
EXEC sp_executesql @Query
FETCH NEXT
FROM indexes
INTO @TableName, @ObjID, @IxName, @IxId, @ScanDensity
END
CLOSE indexes
DEALLOCATE indexes
-- Delete the temporary table
DROP TABLE #fraglist
GO
When:
Defragmentation of indexes can be done while the table is used by other people. However it will have a negative impact on performance because all indexes in the table are retrieved and updated. Therefore this can be scheduled on a weekly basis when the use of the system is minimal. For instance during the weekend.
Conclusion:
However SQL Server is largely self-configuring, self-tuning, and self-managing some maintenance is still necessary to get better performance. Defragmentation of clustered indexes and Update statistics of most important tables with full scan should be done manually if necessary. Defragmentation of indexes should be done on a weekly basis and can be scheduled.
